Association between maternal job burnout and adolescent depression: the chain mediating effect of maternal depression and parenting style / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the association between maternal job burnout and adolescent depression and the mediating effect of maternal depression and parenting style.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional study was conducted. The cluster random sampling method was used to select 2 572 adolescents from 7 middle schools in Shanghai, China, from April to May, 2021. A survey was performed for these adolescents and their mothers. The research tools included a general information questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, short-form of Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, and Children's Depression Inventory. A structural equation model was established, and the Bootstrap method was used to investigate the mediating effect.@*RESULTS@#The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 12.71% (327/2 572) among the adolescents. The scores of maternal job burnout, maternal depression, and negative parenting style were positively correlated with the score of adolescent depression (P<0.05), and the score of positive parenting style was negatively correlated with the score of adolescent depression (P<0.05). Maternal depression and parenting style played a mediating role between maternal job burnout and adolescent depression, including the individual mediating effect of maternal depression, the individual mediating effect of positive parenting style, and the chain mediating effect of maternal depression-negative/positive parenting style.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Maternal job burnout may affect adolescent depression through the mediating effect of depression, parenting style, and depression-parenting style, suggesting that the symptoms of adolescent depression can be reduced by alleviating maternal job burnout, improving maternal depression, increasing positive parenting behaviors, and reducing negative parenting behaviors.

Parenting styles and behavior problems in children followed by a basic protection service of Brazilian Unified Social Assistance System / Estilos parentais e problemas de comportamento em crianças assistidas em um serviço básico de proteção do Sistema Único de Assistência Social brasileiro / Estilos parentales y problemas de la conducta en niños asistidos en un servicio básico de protección del Sistema Único de Asistencia Social brasileño

The study aimed to assess the occurrence of problem behavior in children in vulnerable situation and its correlation with parenting styles, socio-demographic characteristics, and gender. This was a crosssectional study with 37 caregivers of children aged 6 and 11 years of age (x̄=8,6±1,5) assisted by a basic protection service of the Unified System of Social Service of a municipality in Paraná state. Both Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Parental Style Inventory IEP were administered. Correlations between SDQ and IEP subscales (ps<0,05) and between hyperactivity/ inattention and age (ρ=0,439; p<0,01) were found. Boys presented higher scores of total SDQ score (t(35)=-2,81; p=0,008) hyperactivity/ inattention (U=249,0; p=0,009) than girls. Lower socioeconomic condition and status and negative parenting practices are risk factors for childhood problem behavior. Then, intervention programs and public policies directed to their families might reduce the occurrence of problem behavior

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de problemas de comportamento em crianças em situação de vulnerabilidade e sua correlação com estilos parentais, características sociodemográficas e gênero. É um estudo transversal realizado com 37 cuidadores de crianças entre seis e 11 anos de idade (x̄=8,6±1,5) assistidas por um serviço básico de proteção social de um município do estado do Paraná. Dados foram coletados por meio do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) e o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP). Correlações entre subescalas do SDQ e IEP (ps<0,05) e entre hiperatividade/ falta de atenção e idade (ρ=0,439; p<0,01) foram identificadas. Meninos apresentaram escores de SDQ total (t(35)=-2,81; p=0,008) e de hiperatividade/falta de atenção (U=249,0; p=0,009) maiores do que as meninas. Condição socioeconômica baixa e práticas parentais negativas são fatores de risco para a apresentação de problemas de comportamento infantil. Consequentemente, programas e políticas públicas de assistência social direcionados às famílias podem reduzir a sua ocorrência

Objetivó evaluar la ocurrencia de problemas de la conducta en niños en situación de vulnerabilidad y su correlación con estilos parentales, características sociodemográficas y genero. Es un estudio transversal con 37 cuidadores de niños entre seis y 11 años (x̄=8,6±1,5) acompañados en un servicio básico de protección vinculado al Sistema Único de la Asistencia Social en una municipalidad del estado de Paraná. La coleta de dados ocurrió por medio del Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (SDQ) y el Inventario de Estilos Parentales (IEP). Correlaciones entre subescalas del SDQ y IEP (ps<0,05) y entre hiperactividad/ falta de atención y edad fueron identificadas (ρ=0,439; p<0,01). Niños presentaran escores de SDQ total (t(35)=-2,81; p=0,008) y hiperactividad/ falta de atención (U=249,0; p=0,009) mayores que las niñas. Bajas condiciones socioeconómicas y practicas parental negativa son factores de riesgo para la presentación de problemas de conducta infantil. Como consecuencia, programas y políticas de asistencia social dirigidas a estas familias pueden reducir su ocurrencia. Consequentemente, programas e políticas públicas de assistência social direcionados às famílias podem reduzir a sua ocorrência

Relationship between Parental Emotional Styles and Family Values to Anxiety Level among Primary School Children

@#Introduction: Childhood anxiety is one of the common mental health problems in children. Untreated childhood anxiety will lead to a higher risk of developing mental health problems in adulthood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental emotional styles and family values to anxiety level among primary school children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a selected primary school in Kelantan, Malaysia. A set of questionnaires consisted of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Parents’ Report (RCADS-P 25), the Parental Emotional Style Questionnaire (PESQ), and the Asian Family Characteristics Scale (AFCS) was used for assessing anxiety, parental emotional styles, and family values, respectively. Data were collected via an online survey using Google Form, and were analysed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to determine the factors associated with childhood anxiety. The significance value was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 150 parents of primary school children from the selected school was involved in this study. The majority of respondents were females (82.0%), married (94.7%), hold a degree (66.7%), and were working in the government sector (60.0%). Most of the respondents’ child were twelve years old (20.7%) and males (62%). Based on the MLR, emotional dismissing parental style (p = 0.025) and family values (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with anxiety in these children. Conclusion: Emotional dismissing parental style and family values were significant predictors of anxiety in primary school children. Future intervention research on childhood anxiety is needed.

The chain mediating effect of adult attachment and psychological capital between parenting style and mental health of university students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the chain mediating effect of adult attachment and psychological capital on the relationship between parenting style and mental health of university students.Methods:The short-form egna minnen av barndoms uppfostran (s-EMBU), experiences in close relationship inventory (ECR), positive psycap questionnaire (PPQ) and mental health scale for residents (MHSR) were adopted to test 1 415 students from 23 universities in Beijing.Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed by SPSS 24.0 software, the structural equation model was built by Mplus 8.0 software, and mediating effect analysis was conducted by Bootstrap method.Results:Mental health of university students (241.48±30.19) was positively correlated ( r=0.40-0.84, all P<0.01) with positive parenting style (father emotional warmth (2.97±0.67), mother emotional warmth (3.10±0.62)) and psychological capital (4.91±0.84). And the mental health of university students was negatively correlated ( r=-0.36--0.18, all P<0.01) with negative parenting style (father rejection (1.42±0.53), mother rejection (1.42±0.51), father overprotection (2.06±0.53), mother overprotection (2.18±0.55)) and adult attachment (attachment avoidance (3.31±0.88), attachment anxiety (3.66±0.97). Adult attachment was the mediation between parenting style (rejection, emotional warmth, over protection) and mental health ( β=-0.04, 0.04, -0.04, 95% CI=-0.08--0.01, 0.02-0.07, -0.07--0.02), while psychological capital was the mediation between parental emotional warmth and mental health ( β=0.21, 95% CI=0.14-0.26), both of which played a chain mediating role between parenting style and mental health ( β=-0.15, 0.11, -0.12, 95% CI=-0.21--0.10, 0.07-0.16, -0.18--0.07). Conclusion:Parenting style can not only directly affect mental health, but also indirectly affect mental health through the mediating role of adult attachment and the chain mediating role of adult attachment and psychological capital.

Influence of Values and Parenting Styles Perceived by Children in the Value Transmission / Influência dos Valores e Estilos Parentais Percebidos pelas Crianças na Transmissão Valorativa

Abstract In order to better understand the relationship between parenting styles and parental values perceived by children ​​and their values, 119 children were invited to answer the Basic Values Survey​​ - Children's version, the Parenting Styles Inventory, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results showed that the guardian's perceived value priority does not depend on the parenting style perceived by children. Furthermore, positive parenting style is related to a greater value congruence between guardians and children, and parenting style and values ​are explanatory variables of the values endorsed by the children. The values and parenting styles perceived by children play an important role in the transmission of values between guardians and children.

Resumo Para compreender as relações entre estilos e valores parentais percebidos por crianças e os valores endossados por elas, 119 crianças foram convidadas a responder ao Questionário dos Valores Básicos - versão Infantil -, ao Inventário de Estilos Parentais e a perguntas sociodemográficas. Os resultados apontaram que prioridades valorativas percebidas nos responsáveis independem do estilo parental percebido pelas crianças, que estilo parental positivo está relacionado a uma maior congruência valorativa entre responsáveis e crianças e que os estilos e os valores parentais percebidos se apresentam como variáveis explicativas dos valores endossados pelas crianças. Desse modo, concluiu-se que os valores e estilos parentais percebidos pelas crianças em seus responsáveis apresentam papel importante na transmissão valorativa.

Emotional competence, attachment, and parenting styles in children and parents

The goal of this study was to examine whether a subject's emotional competence correlates to attachment styles and parenting styles in children and their parents. The study was conducted with fifty children (9-11 years old) and their parents, both of whose emotional competence (EKF) and parenting style (PAQ) were measured. The attachment styles of parents and children were measured with the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and the Bochumer Bindungstest (BoBiTe), respectively. The findings provide initial support to the assumption that attachment is related to emotional competence in parents. This relationship, however, was not significantly correlated in children. In addition, authoritative parenting and permissive parenting were significantly associated with emotional competence in parents. Emotional competence in children showed to be associated with an authoritative parenting style.

Mediação Parental na Exposição às Redes Sociais e a Internet de Crianças e Adolescentes / Parental Mediation in the Exposure to Social Networks and Internet of Children and Adolescents / Mediación Parental en la Exposición a Redes Sociales e Internet de Niños y Adolescentes

A exposição às redes sociais e a internet tem crescido de forma significativa, sendo cada vez mais frequente em crianças e adolescentes para diversas finalidades, representando um desafio para a parentalidade. As estratégias que os pais utilizam para lidar com esse comportamento podem se constituir em fatores de risco ou de proteção. Considerando os desafios comumente enfrentados pelos pais a fim de monitorar os filhos e protegê-los de determinados riscos relacionados à exposição às novas tecnologias, este artigo teórico objetivou descrever e discutir o uso das redes sociais e da internet na infância e na adolescência, assim como o impacto deste na parentalidade. A partir da revisão realizada, observou-se que os estudos sobre o tema indicam a importância da mediação e do monitoramento parental sobre a exposição de crianças e adolescentes às redes sociais e internet, resultando em um fator de proteção ao desenvolvimento. Além disso, observou-se que pais e filhos podem divergir com relação à percepção do controle parental exercido. (AU)

Exposure to social networks and the internet has grown significantly, being more frequent among children and adolescents for different purposes and representing a challenge for parenting. The strategies that parents use to deal with this behavior can constitute risk or protective factors. Considering the challenges commonly faced by parents in order to monitor and protect their children from certain risks, this theoretical article aimed to describe and discuss the use of social networks and internet in childhood and adolescence, as well as the impact of this use on parenting. From the review carried out, it was observed that studies on the subject indicate out the importance of mediation and parental monitoring on the exposure of children and adolescents to social networks and electronic games, resulting in a protective factor for development. In addition, it was observed that parents and children may differ regarding the perception of parental control exercised. (AU)

La exposición a las redes sociales e internet ha crecido significativamente, siendo cada vez más frecuente en niños y adolescentes con diferentes propósitos y representando un desafío para la crianza de los hijos. Las estrategias que los padres usan para lidiar con este comportamiento pueden constituir factores de riesgo o de protección. Este artículo teórico tuvo como objetivo describir y discutir el uso de las redes sociales y la internet en la infancia y la adolescencia, así como el impacto de este uso en la crianza de los hijos. A partir de la revisión realizada, se observó que los estudios sobre el tema señalan la importancia de la mediación y el control de los padres sobre la exposición de niños y adolescentes a las redes sociales y los juegos electrónicos, lo que resulta en un factor protector para el desarrollo. Además, se observó que los padres y los niños pueden diferir con respecto a la percepción del control parental ejercido. (AU)

Association between permissive parenting style and high-risk behaviors among undergraduate college students: An analytical cross-sectional study / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION@#Young adults have always been considered to be susceptible to high-risk behaviors (HRBs),and parenting style has been theorized to infuence a young adult’s decision to engage in HRBs. Due to paucity of literature in the local context to ascertain this possible relationship, this study determined the association of permissive parenting style and HRBs among young Filipino adults. @*METHODS@#An analytical cross-sectional design was employed, and undergraduate students aged 19-24 years were recruited by convenience sampling. The Parental Authority Questionnaire and Youth Risk Behavior Survey were used to determine parenting style and HRB, respectively. Crude prevalence rate ratio (PRR) was determined at 95% confdence level.@*RESULTS@#Among mothers with permissive parenting, there was strong positive association with children’s HRBs for alcohol and drug use (PRR = 3.44; 95% CI 0.66, 18.03); sexual behavior (PRR = 1.27; 95% CI 0.46, 3.50); and diet/ food intake (PRR = 1.37; 95% CI 0.81, 2.33). Among fathers with permissive parenting, there was strong positive association with children’s HRBs for alcohol and drug use (PRR = 3.65; 95% CI 0.70, 19.11); and diet/ food intake (PRR = 1.18; 95% CI 0.70, 2.01). However, none of these association met statistical signifcance (p-value > 0.05). @*CONCLUSION@#Permissive parenting style may infuence future HRBs of biological children, and this might be an area of concern in terms of counseling interventions to improve on family dynamics and relationship.

Permanencias y transformaciones de los estilos parentales en la crianza de personas con discapacidad / Permanence and transformations of parental styles in the raising of people with disabilities

Resumen Se presentan los resultados de un estudio que tiene como objetivo establecer las permanencias y las transformaciones de los estilos parentales en la crianza de personas con discapacidad durante un periodo de siete años e identificar las posibles explicaciones que las motivan. El estudio toma como base el Modelo Estilos Parentales en la Discapacidad -MEPD- (Manjarrés & Hederich, 2018) que identifica y describe las formas como los padres educan a sus hijos. Es un estudio longitudinal de casos múltiples que hace seguimiento al estilo parental en dos momentos del proceso de crianza de 18 personas con discapacidad (2011 y 2018). Los resultados permiten identificar, siete años después, la presencia de tres de los cuatro estilos parentales planteados por el MEPD: impulsador-reflexivo, dominador-inflexible y dominado-complaciente y la ausencia del estilo dominado-distante. Se evidencia la permanencia del estilo parental original en la mitad de los casos, en los que se puede establecer la funcionalidad de éste. Por su parte, las transformaciones del estilo parental muestran dos posibles tránsitos: uno, de carácter positivo, más frecuente, hacia estilos más favorecedores del desarrollo de la autonomía del hijo; el otro, negativo, hacia estilos que favorecen una mayor dependencia continuada. Mientras que las transformaciones positivas son motivadas por el reconocimiento paulatino de la capacidad del hijo, las negativas están asociadas con la pérdida objetiva de la capacidad del hijo y de su posibilidad de relacionarse.

Abstract This study aims at establishing the permanence and transformations of parenting styles in the upbringing of disable people around age of seven and identifying the possible explanations that motivate them. The study is based on the Parental Styles in Disability Model -MEPD- (Manjarrés & Hederich, 2018) that identifies and describes the ways in which parents educate their children. It is a longitudinal study of multiple cases that tracks the parental raising style of 18 participants with disabilities, at two stages of their lifetime (2011 and 2018). The results allow us to identify, seven years later, the presence of three of the four parental styles proposed by the MEPD: driving-reflexive, dominating-inflexible and dominated-complacent and the absence of the dominated-distant style. The permanence of the original parental style is evident in half of the cases, in which its functionality can be established. On the other hand, the transformations of the parental style show two possible transits: one of positive nature, the most common, points towards more favorable styles of the development of the child's autonomy; the other, negative, points towards styles that favor a greater continued dependency. While the positive transformations are motivated by the gradual recognition of the child's capacity, the negative ones are associated with the objective loss of the child's capacity and the possibility of relating.

Relações entre Coparentalidade, Envolvimento Parental e Práticas Parentais de Pais e Mães de Famílias Binucleares / Relations between Coparenting, Parental Involvement and Parental Practices of Binuclear Families / Relaciones entre Coparentalidad, Envolvimiento Parental y Prácticas de Padres y Madres de Familias Binucleares

Este estudo investigou a relação entre coparentalidade, envolvimento parental e práticas parentais no contexto de pais e mães de famílias binucleares com crianças de três a seis anos. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados quantitativo e transversal com 45 participantes (24 mães e 21 pais). Foram constatados baixos escores na coparentalidade de pais e mães, principalmente nas dimensões acordo coparental, suporte e divisão do trabalho. Tanto pais quanto mães apresentaram bons níveis de envolvimento parental. Além disso, nem os baixos escores da coparentalidade e nem a alta sabotagem referida pelos pais influenciou o envolvimento paterno global. Baixos escores na divisão do trabalho da coparentalidade associaram-se ao maior envolvimento materno e ao exercício de práticas parentais negativas, tanto por parte de mães quanto de pais. Tais achados reforçam a necessidade de práticas de intervenção voltadas às famílias binucleares brasileiras, a fim de ajudá-las a promover relações saudáveis para a criança e para a família como um todo. (AU)

This study investigated the relationship between coparenting, parental involvement and parenting practices in the context of parents of binuclear families with children aged from 3 to 6 years. A quantitative and cross-sectional data survey was carried out, with 45 participants (24 mothers and 21 fathers). Low scores on father's and mother's coparenting were found, especially in the coparent's agreement, support and division of labor dimensions. Both parents showed good levels of parental involvement. Moreover, neither the low coparenting scores nor the high sabotage reported by parents influenced overall paternal involvement. Low scores on the coparenting division of labor were associated with increased maternal involvement and negative parenting practices by both mothers and fathers. These findings reinforce the need for intervention practices aimed at Brazilian binuclear families, in order to help them promote healthy relationships for the child and the family as a whole. (AU)

Este estudio investigó la relación entre coparentalidad, envolvimiento parentaly prácticas parentales en el contexto de padres y madres de familias binucleares con niños de 3 a 6 años. Se realizó una encuesta cuantitativa y transversal de datos, con 45 participantes brasileños (24 madres y 21 padres). Se encontraron puntajes bajos en la coparentalidad de padres y madres, especialmente en el acuerdo coparental, el apoyo y la división de las dimensiones laborales. Tanto los padres como las madres presentaron buenos niveles de envolvimiento parental. Además, ni los puntajes bajos de coparentalidad ni el alto sabotaje reportados por los padres influyeron en la participación paterna global. Los puntajes bajos en la división del trabajo de coparentalidad se asociaron con una mayor participación materna y prácticas negativas de crianza por parte de madres y padres. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de prácticas de intervención dirigidas a familias binucleares brasileñas, para ayudarlas a promover relaciones saludables para el niño y la familia en general. (AU)

Study of parenting styles, family functioning and its relation to coping strategies in children of specific learning disorder

Background: Families of children with disabilities otherwise experience higher stress; and relation between parenting styles and coping of children is well known. Parental factors and family functioning may play a role in shaping the child, especially having issues like SLD. The objective is to study was coping strategies of children with SLD, parenting styles of their parents, their family functioning and relation of these with each other.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study undertaken after Institutional Ethics Committee approval, parent's consent and child's assent. Participants were 100 consecutive children, diagnosed with SLD, 9-13 years of age. Tools used were: Semi-structured proforma, Parenting Practices Questionnaire, Family Assessment Device and Children's Coping Strategies Checklist Revision 1.Results: Authoritarian parenting style was significantly was associated with less use of 'active' and 'support seeking'; and increased use of 'distraction' and 'avoidance' strategies. High scores on Authoritative style was associated with 'active' and 'support seeking' strategies. Avoidance coping strategy was associated with poor (high scores) and active coping strategies with higher (low scores) on problem solving, communication, and general family functioning.Conclusions: Parenting practices and family functioning can be pivotal in determining child's attitude and coping. Assessment of this can be routinely included in child evaluation.

Parenting Styles and Alcohol Use in Brazilian Males / Estilos Parentais e Consumo de Álcool em Homens Brasileiros / Estilos Parentales y Consumo de Alcohol em Hombres Brasilienos

Abstract Parenting styles have been identified as some of the most important factors of risk for and protection against alcohol use among adolescents. This study aimed at comparing maternal and paternal parenting styles in groups of adult alcoholic and non-alcoholic men. Participants were 260 adult males, half of whom had been diagnosed with alcoholism whilst the others did not have a history of such disorder. The comparison between the alcoholic and control groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in relation to both paternal and maternal parenting practices. The binary logistic regression model containing paternal PSI, age, education and maternal PSI (χ2 = 5.224; p = 0.022; R2Nagelkerke = 0.801) showed that paternal PSI was the main predictor of alcoholism.

Resumo Estilos parentais têm sido identificados como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco e proteção para uso de álcool entre adolescentes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar estilos parentais maternos e paternos em grupos de homens adultos alcoolistas e não alcoolistas. Participaram 260 homens, sendo metade com diagnóstico para alcoolismo e os demais sem a presença de alcoolismo. A comparação entre práticas parentais do grupo de alcoolistas com o controle mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001) tanto para as práticas paternas, como maternas. O modelo de regressão logística binária contendo IEP paterno, idade, escolaridade e IEP materno (χ2 = 5,224; p = 0,022; R2Nagelkerke = 0,801) mostrou que o IEP paterno é o principal preditor do alcoolismo.

Resumen Estilos parentales han sido identificados como uno de los más importantes factores de riesgo y protección para el uso de alcohol entre los adolescentes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar estilos parentales maternos y paternos en grupos de alcohólicos y controles. Participaron 260 hombres adultos, siendo la mitad con diagnóstico para alcoholismo y los demás, sin la presencia de alcoholismo. La comparación entre prácticas parentales del grupo de alcohólicos con el control presentó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) tanto para las prácticas paternas, como maternas. El modelo de regresión logística binaria que contiene IEP paterno, edad, escolaridad y IEP materno (χ2 = 5,224; p = 0,022; R²Nagelkenke = 0,801) reveló que el IEP paterno es el principal predictor del alcoholismo.

A relação entre as práticas educativas parentais e a autoestima da criança / The relationship between parenting style and children's self-esteem

As práticas educativas parentais são utilizadas para educar, instruir, socializar e controlar o comportamento dos filhos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre as práticas educativas parentais e a autoestima de crianças. Participaram deste estudo 60 crianças com idade entre nove e onze anos, de ambos os sexos. Os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Estilos Parentais e a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a autoestima dos meninos e das meninas. Foram encontradas correlações negativas entre a negligência paterna e a autoestima dos meninos, e a disciplina relaxada materna e a autoestima das meninas. Essas duas práticas mostraram-se com poder de predição da autoestima de meninos e meninas, respectivamente. Conclui-se que práticas educativas influenciam na autoestima da criança, indicando a possibilidade de construção de orientações específicas aos pais sobre práticas educativas que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento da autoestima de crianças.

Parental practices is used to educate, instruct, socialize, and control children behavior. In this context, this research aims to analyze the relations between parental practices and children's self-esteem. The sample for this study was made up of sixty children aged from nine to eleven years old, both genders. Participants answered the Parenting Style Inventory and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results showed significant differences in boys and girls self-esteem. Correlations between paternal neglect and boys' self-esteem were found, such as maternal relaxed discipline and girls' self-esteem. These educational practices predicted self-esteem in boys and girls, respectively. These practices influence child's self-esteem and allow the development of specific guidelines for parents on educational practices that may contribute to the development of children's self-esteem.

Preferred parenting style in rural community and its association with socio-demographic variables: a cross sectional study

Background: Parenting styles are the methods used by parents when dealing with their children. Some theorists in counseling and psychotherapy have shown the importance of parenting styles in forming children personalities. Baumrind recommended three prototypes of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Parenting styles are associated with different levels of social and cognitive competence in children and adolescents. Hence with this background the following study was undertaken to understand the preferred parenting style practiced in the rural community of southern part of India. The objective of this study is to assess the parenting style practiced in the rural community and to assess the association of socio-demographic variables with the type of parenting styles practiced in rural community.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study, conducted in Basavanapura village of Hunasuru taluk of Mysuru district. 141 parents were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected using parenting style questionnaire (PSQ). The questionnaire also included information on socio demographic variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS V.24. Analysis is done using descriptive statistics like percentage and inferential statistics like chi square analysis to find the association between socio demographic variables and preferred parenting styles.Results: The most preferred parenting style reported was authoritative (63.2%) followed by authoritarian (26.2%) and permissive (10.6%) types. Years of marriage was found to be significantly associated with preferred parenting styles.Conclusions: Nearly three fourth of the parents practiced authoritative parenting style with this type of parenting style adopted by parents having children less than twenty years.

The mediating effect of perfectionism between rumination and parenting style among undergraduates / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the mediating effect of perfectionism between rumination and par-enting style among undergraduates. Methods The investigation was carried out among 915 college students by random sampling method,using ruminative responses scale(RRS),short-form egma minnenav bardndosna uppforstran(S-EMBU) and college student general perfectionism scale. Results The scores of perfection-ism,rumination and their division dimensions in undergraduates were ( 26. 35 ± 4. 13),( 17. 14 ± 4. 86), (22. 27±4. 64),( 11. 10± 2. 71),( 10. 38± 2. 71) and(43. 75± 8. 37),respectively. Rumination of under-graduates was positively correlated with father rejection,mother rejection(r=0. 23,0. 29,P<0. 01),father overprotection,mother overprotection(r=0. 16,0. 20,P<0. 01) and minding mistakes(r=0. 36,P<0. 01), while negatively correlated with father emotional warmth and mother emotional warmth(r=-0. 07,-0. 09,P<0. 05). Minding mistakes had significantly positive correlations with father rejection,mother rejection(r=0. 12,0. 19,P<0. 01) and father overprotection,mother overprotection ( r=0. 16,0. 12,P<0. 01). Minding mistakes had significantly negative correlations with father emotional warmth and mother emotional warmth (r=-0. 18,-0. 20,P<0. 01). The structural equation model proved that minding mistakes mediated the re-lationship between mother and father rejection and rumination through mediating effect test ( χ2/df=8. 45, RMSEA=0. 091,CFI=0. 96,GFI=0. 97). The mediating effect value was 0. 112(95%CI=0. 048~0. 194), and mediating effect accounted for 28. 95% . Conclusion The mediating effect of minding mistakes is re-markable in father and mother rejection and rumination,and reducing father rejection,mother rejection and perfectionism can reduce rumination among undergraduates.

The impact of parenting styles on the health risk behavior of left-behind children: the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To address the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and health risk behavior in left-behind children.Methods A total of 404 leftbehind children were surveyed with the egna minnen av barndoms uppfostran (EMBU),the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-Chinese version (CERQ-C) and the adolescent health related risky behavior inventory (AHRBI).Results (1) The whole average score of AHRBI was (1.47±0.24);the scores of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation respectively were (10.52±2.56) and (9.51±2.55);the scores of Authoritative,authoritarian and permissive/neglecting parenting styles respectively were (44.06± 8.50),(18.89±3.44) and (10.15±2.32).(2)The health risk behaviors of left-behind children were negatively related with authoritative parenting style (r=-0.26 ～-0.46,P＜0.01) and positive cognitive emotion regulation(r=-0.19～-0.44,P＜0.01),and positively related with authoritarian parenting style,permissive/neglecting parenting styles(r=0.19 ～ 0.40,P＜0.05) and negative cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.25 ～0.51,P＜0.05).(3) Authoritative parenting style was positively related with positive cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.30 ～ 0.47,P＜0.01),and negatively related with negative cognitive emotion regulation (r=-0.21 ～-0.30,P＜0.01),while authoritarian and permissive/neglecting parenting styles were negatively related with positive cognitive emotion regulation (r=-0.11 ～-0.16,P＜ 0.05),and positively related with negative cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.12～0.40,P＜0.05).(4)The mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation between Authoritative,authoritarian and permissive/neglecting parenting styles and the health risk behaviors of left-behind children respectively were 0.62(87％),0.40(75％) and 0.48(60％).Conclusion The results suggests that parenting styles impact the health risk behavior in left-behind children mainly via the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation.

Differences in Parenting Stress, Parenting Attitudes, and Parents' Mental Health According to Parental Adult Attachment Style

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents' mental health between different adult attachment styles. METHODS: Forty-four parents who completed a parental education program were enrolled in our study. They completed the Korean version of the Experience of Close Relationship Revised, Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. RESULTS: The avoidant attachment score positively correlated with parenting stress. The anxious attachment score showed a positive relationship with parenting stress, hostile parenting attitude, and psychopathology, but a negative association with an affectionate parenting attitude. The secure attachment group exhibited a more autonomous, affectionate parenting style and a less hostile parenting attitude and less parenting stress than the insecure attachment group. Dismissing-avoidant attachment parents reported significantly higher parenting stress scores than secure attachment parents. Preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment parents displayed a more hostile parenting style than secure attachment parents. Dismissing-avoidant and preoccupied parents reported a less affectionate parenting attitude than secure attachment parents. CONCLUSION: There were differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents' mental health depending on the adult attachment style. More specific education and interventions based on parental attachment type are necessary for parents.

Design and construction of the Maternal Self-efficacy Scale for the Prevention of Excess Weight / Diseño y construcción de la Escala de Autoeficacia Materna para la Prevención del Exceso de Peso

Abstract The objective of the present study was to design, validate and obtain the reliability of the Maternal Self-efficacy Scale for the Prevention of Overweight. From an exploratory research where the role of mothers in childhood obesity was studied, 25 items were written, after an assessment by a panel of judges. The validation was carried out twice with different samples. The first one were 400 mothers (Mage = 33.1, SD = 6.8) of children aged 3-6 years (M = 5.0, SD = 0.6) and 18 items were obtained, divided into four factors: Food, Programming, Solutions, and Prohibition, with a Cronbach's alpha (α) between .62 - .88 and omega (ω) coefficients of .76 - .94. The second validation was with 369 participants, 97% were mothers (Medad = 32.4, DS = 7.9) of children aged 3-6 years (M = 5.0, DS = 0.6) and 3% were grandmothers. The scale was one-dimensional composed by 11 items, with α = .90, ω = .92, and explaining 52% of the variance that evaluates the perceived self-efficacy in the prevention of body weight excess. The proposed scale showed to be suitable and, therefore, its use will promote a greater understanding of childhood obesity.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar, validar y obtener la confiabilidad de la Escala de Autoeficacia Materna para la Prevención del Exceso de Peso. A partir de un estudio exploratorio que indagó el papel de las madres en la obesidad infantil, fueron redactados 25 ítems, mismos que fueron evaluados por un panel de jueces. La validación de este instrumento se realizó con diferentes muestras. En la primera participaron 400 madres (Medad = 33.1, DS = 6.8) de hijos de 3 a 6 años (M = 5.0, DS = 0.6), y se obtuvieron 18 ítems, distribuidos en cuatro factores: Alimentación, Programación, Soluciones y Prohibición, con alpha de Cronbach (α) entre .62 y .88, y coeficiente omega (ω) de .76 a .94. En la segunda validación participaron 369 madres (Medad = 32.4, DS = 7.9) de hijos de 3 a 6 años (M = 5.0, DS = 0.6) y el 3% de abuelas. La escala fue unidimensional, compuesta por 11 reactivos con α = .90, ω = .92 y varianza explicada del 52% de la autoeficacia percibida para la prevención del exceso de peso. La escala propuesta mostró ser apta y, por tanto, su uso promoverá un mayor entendimiento de la obesidad infantil.

Estilos de crianza como predictores del comportamiento tabáquico adolescente / Parenting Styles of Father and Mother as Predictors of Adolescents' Smoking Behavior / Estilos de criação como preditores do comportamento do consumo de tabaco em adolescentes

Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación de cada uno de los componentes de los estilos de crianza del padre y de la madre sobre la susceptibilidad a fumar, la experimentación con los cigarros y el consumo actual de tabaco de los hombres y las mujeres adolescentes. Método. La muestra fue no aleatoria de una población de estudiantes de secundaria pública de la Ciudad de México. Estuvo constituida por 253 adolescentes, quienes respondieron un cuestionario demográfico y las escalas de Estilos Crianza de Steinberg y de Susceptibilidad Tabáquica. Resultados. Los análisis de regresión múltiple efectuados permitieron identificar el cuidado del padre como el principal predictor de la susceptibilidad y la experimentación en los hijos hombres, y la supervisión y el cuidado de las madres, como los componentes que más varianza explicaron en el caso de las mujeres. Conclusión. Cada uno de los componentes de los estilos de crianza del padre y de la madre afecta de manera diferenciada el comportamiento tabáquico de los adolescentes.

Objective. Research on adolescent tobacco use has shown the significant influence of family variables, particularly, parenting style. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of each component of fathers' and mothers' parenting styles on smoking susceptibility, cigarette experimentation and the current tobacco use of boys and girls. Method. A non-probabilistic sample of 253 adolescent public high school students in Mexico City answered a demographic questionnaire and the Steinberg's Parenting Styles Scale and Tobacco Susceptibility Scale. Results. Multiple regression analyses made it apparent that the father's care is the main predictor of susceptibility and experimentation in boys, and supervision and care from the mother are the components that explained most variance for girls. Conclusion. Each of the components of the parenting styles of fathers and mothers differently affects the smoking behavior of boys and girls.

Escopo. A pesquisa sobre o consumo de tabaco em adolescentes tem mostrado a influência negativa significativa das variáveis familiares, em particular, dos estilos de criação dos pais. O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação de cada um dos componentes dos estilos de criação do pai e da mãe sobre a susceptibilidade para fumar, a experimentação com os cigarros e o consumo atual de tabaco dos homens e mulheres adolescentes. Metodologia. A amostra foi não aleatória de uma população de estudantes de uma escola de ensino médio pública da Cidade do México, esteve constituída por 253 adolescentes, os quais responderam um questionário demográfico e as escadas de Estilos Criação de Steinberg e de Susceptibilidade para o Tabaco. Resultados. A análise de regressão múltipla efetuada permitiu identificar o cuidado do pai como o principal preditor da susceptibilidade e a experimentação em filhos homens, e a supervisão e o cuidado das mães, como os componentes que com mais variação explicaram o caso das mulheres. Conclusão. Cada um dos componentes dos estilos de criação do pai e da mãe afeta de jeito diferente o comportamento de uso de tabaco nos adolescentes.

Associações entre estilos parentais, interesses e indecisão profissional em estudantes do ensino médio / Associations between parenting styles, interests and professional indecision in high school students / Asociaciones entre estilos parentales, intereses e indecisión profesional en estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria

Este estudo objetivou verificar as relações entre estilos parentais, interesses profissionais e indecisão de adolescentes. Participaram desta pesquisa 472 estudantes de ensino médio de escolas públicas do interior de São Paulo, sendo 66% do sexo feminino e com idade média de 16,55 anos. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Busca Autodirigida (SDS), a Escala de Responsividade e Exigência (ERE) e o Inventário de Levantamento das Dificuldades de Decisão Profissional (IDDP). Os resultados indicaram que quanto menor a dificuldade de decisão em função do prestígio profissional e sucesso financeiro, maiores os interesses empreendedores e que, quanto maior esse tipo de dificuldade, maior a percepção de mães como exigentes e pais como responsivos e exigentes. Verificou-se que adolescentes com maiores interesses realistas e empreendedores tendem a perceber a figura paterna com maior responsividade. Sugerem-se investigações que ampliem a compreensão dos achados e novas discussões sobre o tema na área da Orientação Profissional e de Carreira. (AU)

This study aimed to verify the relationships between parental styles, professional interests and indecision of adolescents. A total of 472 high school students from public schools in the country of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in this study, 66% female and with a mean age of 16.55 years. The Self-Directed Search (SDS), the Responsibility and Requirement Scale (ERE) and the Professional Decision Difficulties Survey Inventory (IDDP) were applied. The results indicated that the lower the difficulty of decision due to professional prestige and financial success, the greater the entrepreneurial interests; and the greater this type of difficulty, the greater the perception of mothers as demanding and fathers as responsive and demanding. It was found that adolescents with greater realistic and entrepreneurial interests tend to perceive the father figure with greater responsiveness. We suggest further research that broadens the understanding of the findings and new discussions on the subject in the field of Professional and Career Guidance. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar las asociaciones entre los estilos parentales, intereses profesionales e indecisión de los adolescentes. Participaron de esta investigación 472 estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria de escuelas públicas del interior de San Pablo, siendo 66% de sexo femenino y con un promedio de edad de 16,55 años. Se aplicó Cuestionario de Búsqueda Auto-dirigida (SDS), Escala de Sensibilidad y Exigencia (ERE) e Inventario de Levantamiento de las Dificultades de Decisión Profesional (IDDP). Los resultados indicaron que cuanto menor es la dificultad de decisión en función del prestigio profesional y suceso financiero, mayores son los intereses emprendedores, y que cuanto mayor es la dificultad, mayor es la percepción de las madres como exigentes y de los padres como sensibles y exigentes. Se constató que los adolescentes con mayores intereses realistas y emprendedores tienden a percibir la figura paterna con más sensibilidad. Se sugieren investigaciones que amplíen la comprensión de los resultados y nuevas discusiones sobre el tema en el área de la Orientación Profesional y de Carrera. (AU)